French grammar

Indefinite Articles: un, une, des

Cover: un · une · des — French indefinite articles, with examples: un livre, une table, des amis, pas de café
Short answer

French has three indefinite articles: un (masculine), une (feminine) and des (plural, both genders). So: un livre, une table, des amis — the equivalents of 'a/an' and 'some'.

Level: A1. The indefinite articles name something not yet identified — “a”, “an” or “some”. French picks the form by the noun’s gender and number: un, une or des. They appear constantly, so getting them right quickly makes your French sound natural.

The rule

An indefinite article points to a thing that is new or not specific (a book, some friends), unlike the definite article (le, la, les = “the”), which points to a known one. French agrees with the noun’s gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural):

  • un — masculine singular: un livre (a book), un ami (a friend).
  • une — feminine singular: une table (a table), une école (a school).
  • des — plural, both genders: des livres, des amis, des tables.

English often drops the plural article (I have friends), but French keeps it: J’ai des amis.

The forms at a glance

Masculine Feminine Plural (both)
“a / an / some” un livre une table des livres / des tables

Two changes to watch

French reshapes des (and un/une) in two common situations:

  1. After a negative, un/une/des usually become de (or d’ before a vowel): J’ai une voiture → Je n’ai pas de voiture; J’ai des idées → *Je n’ai pas **d’*idées. (The definite article does not change: Je n’aime pas les épinards.)
  2. Before an adjective that comes in front of a plural noun, careful French turns des into de: des amis → de bons amis; des maisons → de grandes maisons. You will hear des bons amis in casual speech, but de is the form to learn for writing.

How to say it

French spelling and sound often diverge. Watch these in this lesson’s words:

Sound How to say it
nasal un un is a single nasal vowel, roughly “uh(n)” through the nose; you barely sound the n. une is different: “ewn” with the French u.
French u (une) Round your lips as if for “oo”, then say “ee”: that is the vowel in une, tu, rue.
silent final letters The final consonants in des and un are usually silent; a final -e (une) is silent too.
liaison A silent final consonant links onto a following vowel: des amis = “day-za-MEE”, un ami = “uhn-na-MEE”.

Example sentences

  1. C'est un livre.
    It's a book.
    un = masculine
  2. J'ai une question.
    I have a question.
    une = feminine
  3. Il y a des enfants dans le parc.
    There are (some) children in the park.
  4. Elle a un chat.
    She has a cat.
  5. Je voudrais une table pour deux.
    I'd like a table for two.
  6. Nous avons des amis à Paris.
    We have friends in Paris.
  7. C'est une bonne idée.
    That's a good idea.
  8. Il mange un sandwich.
    He is eating a sandwich.
  9. Ce sont des photos de vacances.
    These are holiday photos.
  10. Je n'ai pas de voiture.
    I don't have a car.
    negative → de
  11. Il n'y a pas d'eau.
    There is no water.
    de → d' before a vowel
  12. Ce sont de bons amis.
    They are good friends.
    des → de before the adjective
  13. Elle achète de belles fleurs.
    She is buying beautiful flowers.
    adjective before noun
  14. Tu as un stylo ?
    Do you have a pen?
  15. Il y a une pharmacie près d'ici.
    There is a pharmacy near here.
  16. J'ai acheté des pommes.
    I bought (some) apples.
  17. Un café, s'il vous plaît.
    A coffee, please.
  18. Ce sont des étudiants.
    They are students.

Common mistakes

  • ❌ une livre → ✅ un livre. Livre (book) is masculine. (Une livre exists but means “a pound”.)
  • ❌ J’ai amis → ✅ J’ai des amis. French keeps the plural article where English drops it.
  • ❌ Je n’ai pas des amis → ✅ Je n’ai pas d’amis. After a negative, des becomes de / d’.
  • ❌ des bons amis (written) → ✅ de bons amis. An adjective before a plural noun turns des into de.
  • ❌ un idée → ✅ une idée. Idée is feminine, so une even before a vowel.

A short conversation

Au café : — Bonjour, je voudrais un café et une eau, s’il vous plaît. — Très bien. Des croissants aussi ? — Non merci, pas de croissants aujourd’hui.

Usage notes

  • Jobs after être: French often drops the article: Elle est médecin (“She is a doctor”), not une médecin — unless you add an adjective (C’est une bonne médecin).
  • Quantity words take de: beaucoup de livres, trop de bruit, un kilo de pommes — never des after them.
  • Register: de bons amis is careful/standard; des bons amis is common in relaxed speech. Learn the de form for exams and writing.

Compared with…

Recap card for the French indefinite-articles lesson with the key forms and a friendly study buddy

Quick recap before the quiz.

Practice

Practice

Indefinite articles practice

Try each one, then press Check. No sign-up, nothing is sent anywhere — it all runs in your browser.

1 ___ table (feminine)
Show answer

une — Feminine singular takes 'une'.

Show answer

des — Plural indefinite is 'des', kept where English drops it.

Show answer

de — After a negative, un/une/des become de/d'.

4 Order the words: 'They are good friends' (careful French).

Show answer

Ce sont de bons amis — An adjective before a plural noun turns des into de: de bons amis.

5 Match each noun to its indefinite article.

  • livre (m)
  • école (f)
  • enfants (pl)
  • idée (f)
Show answer
  • livre (m) → un
  • école (f) → une
  • enfants (pl) → des
  • idée (f) → une

un = masc sg, une = fem sg, des = plural.

Quiz

Check yourself

French indefinite articles

12 questions · pick an answer and you'll see straight away if it's right.

0/12 0 answered
  1. 1___ livre (masculine)
    Show answer

    un — Masculine singular takes 'un'.

  2. 2___ table (feminine)
    Show answer

    une — Feminine singular takes 'une'.

  3. 3___ amis (plural)
    Show answer

    des — Plural, both genders, takes 'des'.

  4. 4'I have a cat' = J'ai ___ chat.
    Show answer

    un — Chat is masculine: un chat.

  5. 5'I don't have a car' = Je n'ai pas ___ voiture.
    Show answer

    de — After a negative, un/une → de.

  6. 6'There is no water' = Il n'y a pas ___ eau.
    Show answer

    d' — de becomes d' before a vowel: pas d'eau.

  7. 7Careful French: 'good friends' = ___ bons amis.
    Show answer

    de — An adjective before a plural noun turns des into de.

  8. 8Which is correct?
    Show answer

    un livre — Book is masculine: un livre. 'une livre' means 'a pound'.

  9. 9'We have friends' = Nous avons ___ amis.
    Show answer

    des — French keeps the plural article: des amis.

  10. 10You choose un or une based on…
    Show answer

    the noun's grammatical gender — Gender decides: un (m) vs une (f).

  11. Show answer

    Un — Café is masculine: un café.

  12. 12Which sentence is written correctly?
    Show answer

    Je n'ai pas d'idées. — After a negative, des → d' before a vowel: pas d'idées.

Recap cheat-sheet

Situation Form Example
masculine singular un un livre
feminine singular une une table
plural (both) des des amis
after a negative de / d’ pas de café
adjective before plural noun de de bons amis

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A1 32 topics · 2 ready
  1. 01 Definite Articles: le, la, les, l'
  2. 02 Indefinite Articles: un, une, des You are here
  3. 03 Partitive Articles: du, de la, des Coming soon
  4. 04 Noun Gender in French Coming soon
  5. 05 Forming Plurals in French Coming soon
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  16. 16 Adjective Agreement (Gender & Number) Coming soon
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  22. 22 Contractions: au, aux, du, des (à/de + le) Coming soon
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  24. 24 Vouloir, Pouvoir, Devoir (Present) Coming soon
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  26. 26 Pronominal (Reflexive) Verbs - Present Coming soon
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  29. 29 Prepositions with Places (à, en, au, aux) Coming soon
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  18. 50 Possessive Pronouns (le mien, la tienne) Coming soon
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  17. 75 Depuis Que & Time Conjunctions Coming soon
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