Indefinite Articles: un, une, des
French has three indefinite articles: un (masculine), une (feminine) and des (plural, both genders). So: un livre, une table, des amis — the equivalents of 'a/an' and 'some'.
Level: A1. The indefinite articles name something not yet identified — “a”, “an” or “some”. French picks the form by the noun’s gender and number: un, une or des. They appear constantly, so getting them right quickly makes your French sound natural.
The rule
An indefinite article points to a thing that is new or not specific (a book, some friends), unlike the definite article (le, la, les = “the”), which points to a known one. French agrees with the noun’s gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural):
- un — masculine singular: un livre (a book), un ami (a friend).
- une — feminine singular: une table (a table), une école (a school).
- des — plural, both genders: des livres, des amis, des tables.
English often drops the plural article (I have friends), but French keeps it: J’ai des amis.
The forms at a glance
| Masculine | Feminine | Plural (both) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| “a / an / some” | un livre | une table | des livres / des tables |
Two changes to watch
French reshapes des (and un/une) in two common situations:
- After a negative, un/une/des usually become de (or d’ before a vowel): J’ai une voiture → Je n’ai pas de voiture; J’ai des idées → *Je n’ai pas **d’*idées. (The definite article does not change: Je n’aime pas les épinards.)
- Before an adjective that comes in front of a plural noun, careful French turns des into de: des amis → de bons amis; des maisons → de grandes maisons. You will hear des bons amis in casual speech, but de is the form to learn for writing.
How to say it
French spelling and sound often diverge. Watch these in this lesson’s words:
| Sound | How to say it |
|---|---|
| nasal un | un is a single nasal vowel, roughly “uh(n)” through the nose; you barely sound the n. une is different: “ewn” with the French u. |
| French u (une) | Round your lips as if for “oo”, then say “ee”: that is the vowel in une, tu, rue. |
| silent final letters | The final consonants in des and un are usually silent; a final -e (une) is silent too. |
| liaison | A silent final consonant links onto a following vowel: des amis = “day-za-MEE”, un ami = “uhn-na-MEE”. |
Example sentences
- C'est un livre.It's a book.un = masculine
- J'ai une question.I have a question.une = feminine
- Il y a des enfants dans le parc.There are (some) children in the park.
- Elle a un chat.She has a cat.
- Je voudrais une table pour deux.I'd like a table for two.
- Nous avons des amis à Paris.We have friends in Paris.
- C'est une bonne idée.That's a good idea.
- Il mange un sandwich.He is eating a sandwich.
- Ce sont des photos de vacances.These are holiday photos.
- Je n'ai pas de voiture.I don't have a car.negative → de
- Il n'y a pas d'eau.There is no water.de → d' before a vowel
- Ce sont de bons amis.They are good friends.des → de before the adjective
- Elle achète de belles fleurs.She is buying beautiful flowers.adjective before noun
- Tu as un stylo ?Do you have a pen?
- Il y a une pharmacie près d'ici.There is a pharmacy near here.
- J'ai acheté des pommes.I bought (some) apples.
- Un café, s'il vous plaît.A coffee, please.
- Ce sont des étudiants.They are students.
Common mistakes
- ❌ une livre → ✅ un livre. Livre (book) is masculine. (Une livre exists but means “a pound”.)
- ❌ J’ai amis → ✅ J’ai des amis. French keeps the plural article where English drops it.
- ❌ Je n’ai pas des amis → ✅ Je n’ai pas d’amis. After a negative, des becomes de / d’.
- ❌ des bons amis (written) → ✅ de bons amis. An adjective before a plural noun turns des into de.
- ❌ un idée → ✅ une idée. Idée is feminine, so une even before a vowel.
A short conversation
Au café : — Bonjour, je voudrais un café et une eau, s’il vous plaît. — Très bien. Des croissants aussi ? — Non merci, pas de croissants aujourd’hui.
Usage notes
- Jobs after être: French often drops the article: Elle est médecin (“She is a doctor”), not une médecin — unless you add an adjective (C’est une bonne médecin).
- Quantity words take de: beaucoup de livres, trop de bruit, un kilo de pommes — never des after them.
- Register: de bons amis is careful/standard; des bons amis is common in relaxed speech. Learn the de form for exams and writing.
Compared with…
- Definite articles (le, la, l’, les) — “the”, for a specific or known thing. See Definite Articles: le, la, les, l’.
- Partitive articles (du, de la, de l’, des) — “some” of an uncountable thing: du pain, de l’eau. See Partitive Articles.

Quick recap before the quiz.
Practice
Indefinite articles practice
Try each one, then press Check. No sign-up, nothing is sent anywhere — it all runs in your browser.
Show answer
des — Plural indefinite is 'des', kept where English drops it.
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de — After a negative, un/une/des become de/d'.
4 Order the words: 'They are good friends' (careful French).
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Ce sont de bons amis — An adjective before a plural noun turns des into de: de bons amis.
5 Match each noun to its indefinite article.
- livre (m)
- école (f)
- enfants (pl)
- idée (f)
Show answer
- livre (m) → un
- école (f) → une
- enfants (pl) → des
- idée (f) → une
un = masc sg, une = fem sg, des = plural.
Quiz
French indefinite articles
12 questions · pick an answer and you'll see straight away if it's right.
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un — Masculine singular takes 'un'.
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une — Feminine singular takes 'une'.
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des — Plural, both genders, takes 'des'.
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un — Chat is masculine: un chat.
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de — After a negative, un/une → de.
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d' — de becomes d' before a vowel: pas d'eau.
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de — An adjective before a plural noun turns des into de.
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un livre — Book is masculine: un livre. 'une livre' means 'a pound'.
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des — French keeps the plural article: des amis.
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the noun's grammatical gender — Gender decides: un (m) vs une (f).
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Un — Café is masculine: un café.
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Je n'ai pas d'idées. — After a negative, des → d' before a vowel: pas d'idées.
Recap cheat-sheet
| Situation | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| masculine singular | un | un livre |
| feminine singular | une | une table |
| plural (both) | des | des amis |
| after a negative | de / d’ | pas de café |
| adjective before plural noun | de | de bons amis |
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A1 32 topics · 2 ready
- 01 Definite Articles: le, la, les, l'
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B1 24 topics
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- 78 Y and En with Verbs (penser à / parler de) Coming soon
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- 81 Types of Pronominal Verbs (reflexive, reciprocal, idiomatic) Coming soon
- 82 Expressing Opinion (à mon avis, trouver que) Coming soon
B2 20 topics
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- 97 Highlighting: C'est...qui / C'est...que Coming soon
- 98 Indefinite Adjectives (tout, chaque, quelques) Coming soon
- 99 Indefinite Pronouns (quelqu'un, chacun, certains) Coming soon
- 100 Verbs + Preposition + Noun (penser à, dépendre de) Coming soon
- 101 Verbs of Perception + Infinitive (je le vois arriver) Coming soon
- 102 When to Omit the Article Coming soon
C1 14 topics
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